MySQL 隱式轉(zhuǎn)換的坑,一起來看看究竟!
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作者:Harvey
來源:www.fordba.com/mysql-type-convert-analysis.html
一、前言
某一天,開發(fā)問我,為什么針對(duì)一個(gè)查詢會(huì)有兩條記錄,且其中一條記錄并不符合條件select * from tablea where xxno = 170325171202362928;xxno為 170325171202362928 和 170325171202362930的都出現(xiàn)在結(jié)果中。
一個(gè)等值查詢?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)有另外一個(gè)不同值的記錄查詢出來呢?
我們一起來看看究竟!
二、分析
我們查看該表結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)現(xiàn)xxno 為varchar 類型,但是等號(hào)右邊是一個(gè)數(shù)值類型,這種情況下MySQL會(huì)如何進(jìn)行處理呢?
官方文檔如下:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/type-conversion.html
也就是說,他會(huì)將等于號(hào)的兩邊轉(zhuǎn)換成浮點(diǎn)數(shù)來做比較。
Comparisons that use floating-point numbers (or values that are converted to floating-point numbers) are approximate because such numbers are inexact. This might lead to results that appear inconsistent:
如果比較使用了浮點(diǎn)型,那么比較會(huì)是近似的,將導(dǎo)致結(jié)果看起來不一致,也就是可能導(dǎo)致查詢結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤。
我們測(cè)試下剛剛生產(chǎn)的例子:
mysql > select '170325171202362928' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362928' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
可以發(fā)現(xiàn),字符串的'170325171202362928' 和 數(shù)值的170325171202362930比較竟然是相等的。
我們?cè)倏聪伦址?code style="">'170325171202362928' 和字符串'170325171202362930' 轉(zhuǎn)化為浮點(diǎn)型的結(jié)果:
mysql > select '170325171202362928'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362928'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362930'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362930'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),將兩個(gè)不同的字符串轉(zhuǎn)化為浮點(diǎn)數(shù)后,結(jié)果是一樣的,MySQL 開發(fā) 36 條軍規(guī),這篇推薦看下。
所以只要是轉(zhuǎn)化為浮點(diǎn)數(shù)之后的值是相等的,那么,經(jīng)過隱式轉(zhuǎn)化后的比較也會(huì)相等,我們繼續(xù)進(jìn)行測(cè)試其他轉(zhuǎn)化為浮點(diǎn)型相等的字符串的結(jié)果。
mysql > select '170325171202362931'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362931'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362941'+0.0;
+--------------------------+
| '170325171202362941'+0.0 |
+--------------------------+
| 1.7032517120236294e17 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
字符串'170325171202362931'和'170325171202362941'轉(zhuǎn)化為浮點(diǎn)型結(jié)果一樣,我們看下他們和數(shù)值的比較結(jié)果。
mysql > select '170325171202362931' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362931' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql > select '170325171202362941' = 170325171202362930;
+-------------------------------------------+
| '170325171202362941' = 170325171202362930 |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
結(jié)果也是符合預(yù)期的。
因此,當(dāng)MySQL遇到字段類型不匹配的時(shí)候,會(huì)進(jìn)行各種隱式轉(zhuǎn)化,一定要小心,有可能導(dǎo)致精度丟失。MySQL 系列面試題我都整理好了,關(guān)注公眾號(hào)Java技術(shù)棧,在后臺(tái)回復(fù) "面試" 獲取。
For comparisons of a string column with a number, MySQL cannot use an index on the column to look up the value quickly. If str_col is an indexed string column, the index cannot be used when performing the lookup in the following statement:
如果字段是字符型,且上面有索引的話,如果查詢條件是用數(shù)值來過濾的,那么該SQL將無法利用字段上的索引
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE str_col=1;
The reason for this is that there are many different strings that may convert to the value 1, such as '1', ' 1', or '1a'.
我們進(jìn)行測(cè)試:
mysql > create table tbl_name(id int ,str_col varchar(10),c3 varchar(5),primary key(id),key idx_str(str_col));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql > insert into tbl_name(id,str_col) values(1,'a'),(2,'b');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql > insert into tbl_name(id,str_col) values(3,'3c'),(4,'4d');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql > desc select * from tbl_name where str_col='a';
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_name | ref | idx_str | idx_str | 13 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
mysql > desc select * from tbl_name where str_col=3;
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_name | ALL | idx_str | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > select * from tbl_name where str_col=3;
+----+---------+------+
| id | str_col | c1 |
+----+---------+------+
| 3 | 3c | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
同時(shí)我們可以看到,我們用數(shù)值型的3和str_col進(jìn)行比較的時(shí)候,他無法利用索引,同時(shí)取出來的值也是錯(cuò)誤的:
mysql > show warnings;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '3c' |
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '4d' |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
MySQL針對(duì)3c 和 4d這兩個(gè)值進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)化,變成了3和4
三、小結(jié)
在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行查詢的時(shí)候,不管是Oracle還是MySQL,一定要注意字段類型,杜絕隱式轉(zhuǎn)化,不僅會(huì)導(dǎo)致查詢緩慢,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤。
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