MySQL常見SQL錯(cuò)誤用法

簡(jiǎn)介
MySQL在2016年仍然保持強(qiáng)勁的數(shù)據(jù)庫流行度增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。越來越多的客戶將自己的應(yīng)用建立在MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫之上,甚至是從Oracle遷移到MySQL上來。但也存在部分客戶在使用MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的過程中遇到一些比如響應(yīng)時(shí)間慢,CPU打滿等情況。阿里云RDS專家服務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)幫助云上客戶解決過很多緊急問題。現(xiàn)將《ApsaraDB專家診斷報(bào)告》中出現(xiàn)的部分常見SQL問題總結(jié)如下,供大家參考。
前言
MySQL在2016年仍然保持強(qiáng)勁的數(shù)據(jù)庫流行度增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。越來越多的客戶將自己的應(yīng)用建立在MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫之上,甚至是從Oracle遷移到MySQL上來。但也存在部分客戶在使用MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的過程中遇到一些比如響應(yīng)時(shí)間慢,CPU打滿等情況。阿里云RDS專家服務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)幫助云上客戶解決過很多緊急問題。現(xiàn)將《ApsaraDB專家診斷報(bào)告》中出現(xiàn)的部分常見SQL問題總結(jié)如下,供大家參考。
常見SQL錯(cuò)誤用法
1. LIMIT 語句
分頁查詢是最常用的場(chǎng)景之一,但也通常也是最容易出問題的地方。比如對(duì)于下面簡(jiǎn)單的語句,一般DBA想到的辦法是在type, name, create_time字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提升。
SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
ORDER BY create_time
LIMIT 1000, 10;好吧,可能90%以上的DBA解決該問題就到此為止。但當(dāng) LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時(shí),程序員仍然會(huì)抱怨:我只取10條記錄為什么還是慢?
要知道數(shù)據(jù)庫也并不知道第1000000條記錄從什么地方開始,即使有索引也需要從頭計(jì)算一次。出現(xiàn)這種性能問題,多數(shù)情形下是程序員偷懶了。在前端數(shù)據(jù)瀏覽翻頁,或者大數(shù)據(jù)分批導(dǎo)出等場(chǎng)景下,是可以將上一頁的最大值當(dāng)成參數(shù)作為查詢條件的。SQL重新設(shè)計(jì)如下:
SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;在新設(shè)計(jì)下查詢時(shí)間基本固定,不會(huì)隨著數(shù)據(jù)量的增長(zhǎng)而發(fā)生變化。
2. 隱式轉(zhuǎn)換
SQL語句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另一個(gè)常見的錯(cuò)誤。比如下面的語句:
mysql> explain extended SELECT *
> FROM my_balance b
> WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123
> AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'其中字段bpn的定義為varchar(20),MySQL的策略是將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字之后再比較。函數(shù)作用于表字段,索引失效。
上述情況可能是應(yīng)用程序框架自動(dòng)填入的參數(shù),而不是程序員的原意。現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用框架很多很繁雜,使用方便的同時(shí)也小心它可能給自己挖坑。
3. 關(guān)聯(lián)更新、刪除
雖然MySQL5.6引入了物化特性,但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對(duì)查詢語句的優(yōu)化。對(duì)于更新或刪除需要手工重寫成JOIN。
比如下面UPDATE語句,MySQL實(shí)際執(zhí)行的是循環(huán)/嵌套子查詢(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其執(zhí)行時(shí)間可想而知。
UPDATE operation o
SET status = 'applying'
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id
FROM (SELECT o.id,
o.status
FROM operation o
WHERE o.group = 123
AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
ORDER BY o.parent,
o.id
LIMIT 1) t);執(zhí)行計(jì)劃:
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+重寫為JOIN之后,子查詢的選擇模式從DEPENDENT SUBQUERY變成DERIVED,執(zhí)行速度大大加快,從7秒降低到2毫秒。
UPDATE operation o
JOIN (SELECT o.id,
o.status
FROM operation o
WHERE o.group = 123
AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
ORDER BY o.parent,
o.id
LIMIT 1) t
ON o.id = t.id
SET status = 'applying'執(zhí)行計(jì)劃簡(jiǎn)化為:
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
4. 混合排序
MySQL不能利用索引進(jìn)行混合排序。但在某些場(chǎng)景,還是有機(jī)會(huì)使用特殊方法提升性能的。
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id
ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC,
a.appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20執(zhí)行計(jì)劃顯示為全表掃描:
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+由于is_reply只有0和1兩種狀態(tài),我們按照下面的方法重寫后,執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。
SELECT *
FROM ((SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a
ON a.orderid = o.id
AND is_reply = 0
ORDER BY appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20)
UNION ALL
(SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a
ON a.orderid = o.id
AND is_reply = 1
ORDER BY appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20)) t
ORDER BY is_reply ASC,
appraisetime DESC
LIMIT 20;5. EXISTS語句
MySQL對(duì)待EXISTS子句時(shí),仍然采用嵌套子查詢的執(zhí)行方式。如下面的SQL語句:
SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n
LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE n.topic_status < 4
AND EXISTS(SELECT 1
FROM message_info m
WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id
AND m.inuser = 'xxx')
AND n.topic_type <> 5執(zhí)行計(jì)劃為:
+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where |
| 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+去掉exists更改為join,能夠避免嵌套子查詢,將執(zhí)行時(shí)間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。
SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n
INNER JOIN message_info m
ON n.id = m.neighbor_id
AND m.inuser = 'xxx'
LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE n.topic_status < 4
AND n.topic_type <> 5新的執(zhí)行計(jì)劃:
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
| 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where |
| 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+6. 條件下推
外部查詢條件不能夠下推到復(fù)雜的視圖或子查詢的情況有:
聚合子查詢; 含有LIMIT的子查詢; UNION 或UNION ALL子查詢; 輸出字段中的子查詢;
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT target,
Count(*)
FROM operation
GROUP BY target) t
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 514 | const | 2 | Using where |
| 2 | DERIVED | operation | index | idx_4 | idx_4 | 519 | NULL | 20 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+SELECT target,
Count(*)
FROM operation
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP BY target+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+7. 提前縮小范圍
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
ON o.uid = u.uid
LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
ON o.pid = p.pid
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )
AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )
AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
) o
LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
ON o.uid = u.uid
LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
ON o.pid = p.pid
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 15 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | PRIMARY | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | index | NULL | idx_1 | 5 | NULL | 909112 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+8. 中間結(jié)果集下推
SELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM (
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesidSELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM (
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources r,
(
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesidWITH a AS
(
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources r,
a
WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid