RabbitMQ 中的 7 種隊列模式，寫得太好了！
七種模式介紹與應(yīng)用場景
簡單模式（Hello World）
做最簡單的事情，一個生產(chǎn)者對應(yīng)一個消費(fèi)者，RabbitMQ相當(dāng)于一個消息代理，負(fù)責(zé)將A的消息轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給B
應(yīng)用場景： 將發(fā)送的電子郵件放到消息隊列，然后郵件服務(wù)在隊列中獲取郵件并發(fā)送給收件人
工作隊列模式（Work queues）
在多個消費(fèi)者之間分配任務(wù)（競爭的消費(fèi)者模式），一個生產(chǎn)者對應(yīng)多個消費(fèi)者，一般適用于執(zhí)行資源密集型任務(wù)，單個消費(fèi)者處理不過來，需要多個消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行處理
應(yīng)用場景： 一個訂單的處理需要10s，有多個訂單可以同時放到消息隊列，然后讓多個消費(fèi)者同時處理，這樣就是并行了，而不是單個消費(fèi)者的串行情況
訂閱模式（Publish/Subscribe）
一次向許多消費(fèi)者發(fā)送消息，一個生產(chǎn)者發(fā)送的消息會被多個消費(fèi)者獲取，也就是將消息將廣播到所有的消費(fèi)者中。
應(yīng)用場景： 更新商品庫存后需要通知多個緩存和多個數(shù)據(jù)庫，這里的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是：
一個fanout類型交換機(jī)扇出兩個個消息隊列，分別為緩存消息隊列、數(shù)據(jù)庫消息隊列 一個緩存消息隊列對應(yīng)著多個緩存消費(fèi)者 一個數(shù)據(jù)庫消息隊列對應(yīng)著多個數(shù)據(jù)庫消費(fèi)者
路由模式（Routing）
有選擇地（Routing key）接收消息，發(fā)送消息到交換機(jī)并且要指定路由key ，消費(fèi)者將隊列綁定到交換機(jī)時需要指定路由key，僅消費(fèi)指定路由key的消息
應(yīng)用場景： 如在商品庫存中增加了1臺iphone12，iphone12促銷活動消費(fèi)者指定routing key為iphone12，只有此促銷活動會接收到消息，其它促銷活動不關(guān)心也不會消費(fèi)此routing key的消息
主題模式（Topics）
根據(jù)主題（Topics）來接收消息，將路由key和某模式進(jìn)行匹配，此時隊列需要綁定在一個模式上，#匹配一個詞或多個詞，*只匹配一個詞。
應(yīng)用場景： 同上，iphone促銷活動可以接收主題為iphone的消息，如iphone12、iphone13等
遠(yuǎn)程過程調(diào)用（RPC）
如果我們需要在遠(yuǎn)程計算機(jī)上運(yùn)行功能并等待結(jié)果就可以使用RPC，具體流程可以看圖。應(yīng)用場景：需要等待接口返回數(shù)據(jù)，如訂單支付
發(fā)布者確認(rèn)（Publisher Confirms）
與發(fā)布者進(jìn)行可靠的發(fā)布確認(rèn)，發(fā)布者確認(rèn)是RabbitMQ擴(kuò)展，可以實現(xiàn)可靠的發(fā)布。在通道上啟用發(fā)布者確認(rèn)后，RabbitMQ將異步確認(rèn)發(fā)送者發(fā)布的消息，這意味著它們已在服務(wù)器端處理。
應(yīng)用場景： 對于消息可靠性要求較高，比如錢包扣款
代碼演示
簡單模式
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Sender {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simple_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 聲明隊列
// queue：隊列名
// durable：是否持久化
// exclusive：是否排外 即只允許該channel訪問該隊列 一般等于true的話用于一個隊列只能有一個消費(fèi)者來消費(fèi)的場景
// autoDelete：是否自動刪除 消費(fèi)完刪除
// arguments：其他屬性
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
//消息內(nèi)容
String message = "simplest mode message";
channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("[x]Sent '" + message + "'");
//最后關(guān)閉通關(guān)和連接
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Receiver {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simplest_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
// 獲取連接
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
工作隊列模式
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Receiver1 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 同一時刻服務(wù)器只會發(fā)送一條消息給消費(fèi)者
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Receiver2 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 同一時刻服務(wù)器只會發(fā)送一條消息給消費(fèi)者
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Sender {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 聲明隊列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
String message = "work mode message" + i;
channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
Thread.sleep(i * 10);
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
發(fā)布訂閱模式
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
public class Receive1 {
private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
// 訂閱消息的回調(diào)函數(shù)
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
};
// 消費(fèi)者，有消息時出發(fā)訂閱回調(diào)函數(shù)
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
public class Receive2 {
private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
// 訂閱消息的回調(diào)函數(shù)
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received2 '" + message + "'");
};
// 消費(fèi)者，有消息時出發(fā)訂閱回調(diào)函數(shù)
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class Sender {
private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
String message = "publish subscribe message";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
路由模式
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Receiver1 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing";
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 指定路由的key，接收key和key2
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Receiver2 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing2";
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 僅接收key2
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Sender {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";
private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "direct";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 交換機(jī)聲明
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);
// 只有routingKey相同的才會消費(fèi)
String message = "routing mode message";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2", null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
// channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key", null, message.getBytes());
// System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
主題模式
public class Receiver1 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic";
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 可以接收key.1
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.*");
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
public class Receiver1 {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic";
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
// 可以接收key.1
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.*");
channel.basicQos(1);
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +
delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {
});
}
}
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Sender {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";
private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
factory.setPort(5672);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);
String message = "topics model message with key.1";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1", null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
String message2 = "topics model message with key.1.2";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1.2", null, message2.getBytes());
System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message2 + "'");
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
四種交換機(jī)介紹
1、直連交換機(jī)（Direct exchange）：
具有路由功能的交換機(jī)，綁定到此交換機(jī)的時候需要指定一個routing_key，交換機(jī)發(fā)送消息的時候需要routing_key，會將消息發(fā)送道對應(yīng)的隊列
2、扇形交換機(jī)（Fanout exchange）：
廣播消息到所有隊列，沒有任何處理，速度最快，
3、主題交換機(jī)（Topic exchange）：
在直連交換機(jī)基礎(chǔ)上增加模式匹配，也就是對routing_key進(jìn)行模式匹配，*代表一個單詞，#代表多個單詞
4、首部交換機(jī)（Headers exchange）：
忽略routing_key，使用Headers信息（一個Hash的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)）進(jìn)行匹配，優(yōu)勢在于可以有更多更靈活的匹配規(guī)則
總結(jié)
這么多種隊列模式中都有其應(yīng)用場景，大家可以根據(jù)應(yīng)用場景示例中進(jìn)行選擇。另外，關(guān)注公眾號互聯(lián)網(wǎng)架構(gòu)師，在后臺回復(fù)：2T，可以獲取我整理的 Java、MQ 系列面試題和答案，非常齊全。
原文鏈接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_32828253/article/details/110450249
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